C# Operators Complete Guide (Bitwise, Nullable, is/as & Precedence) Masterclass

int price = 100;
int discount = 20;
int finalPrice = price - discount;

Console.WriteLine($"Price: {price}, Discount: {discount}, Final Price: {finalPrice}");

// Compound assignment
int score = 50;
score += 10; // 60
score *= 2;  // 120
score %= 7;  // 1
Console.WriteLine($"Calculated Score: {score}");

// Pre-increment vs Post-increment
int count = 5;
Console.WriteLine($"Pre-increment (++count): {++count}");   // Outputs 6 (increments first)
Console.WriteLine($"Post-increment (count++): {count++}");  // Outputs 6 (prints, then increments to 7)
Console.WriteLine($"Final count value: {count}");            // Outputs 7

int age = 20;
bool hasID = true;

// Comparison: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
// Logical AND (&&): true ONLY IF both conditions are true
bool canEnterClub = (age >= 18) && hasID;
Console.WriteLine($"Can enter club: {canEnterClub}");

// Logical OR (||): true IF AT LEAST ONE condition is true
bool isWeekend = true;
bool isHoliday = false;
bool canRest = isWeekend || isHoliday;
Console.WriteLine($"Can rest: {canRest}");

// Logical NOT (!): Inverts boolean value
bool isRaining = false;
Console.WriteLine($"Is clear weather: {!isRaining}");

// Ternary Operator (condition ? valueIfTrue : valueIfFalse)
string status = (age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Minor";
Console.WriteLine($"User Status: {status}");

string? name = null;

// 1. Null-Conditional Operator (?.) — Safe property access
// If name is null, returns null instead of throwing NullReferenceException!
int? nameLength = name?.Length;
Console.WriteLine($"Length: {nameLength?.ToString() ?? "null"}");

// 2. Null-Coalescing Operator (??) — Fallback value if null
string displayName = name ?? "Guest User";
Console.WriteLine($"Hello, {displayName}!");

// 3. Null-Coalescing Assignment Operator (??=) — Assigns value ONLY IF variable is null
name ??= "Default Ravi";
Console.WriteLine($"Name after ??=: {name}");

object data = "Hello C# Masterclass";

// 1. 'is' operator with pattern matching variable declaration
if (data is string text)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"data is a string of length {text.Length}: '{text}'");
}

// 2. 'as' operator (safe cast — returns null if conversion fails, NO EXCEPTION!)
string? strVal = data as string;
if (strVal != null)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Safe cast string upper: {strVal.ToUpper()}");
}

object numObj = 42;
string? badCast = numObj as string; // badCast is null (does not throw exception!)
Console.WriteLine($"Bad cast result: {badCast ?? "NULL"}");