- int (Integer): Whole numbers without decimal points (e.g.
42,-17,1_000_000). Python 3 integers have arbitrary precision — they never overflow! - float (Floating Point): Numbers with decimal fractions (e.g.
3.14159,-0.005,2.5e3). Implemented using IEEE 754 double precision. - complex: Numbers with real and imaginary parts (e.g.
3 + 4j).
Python Numbers — int, float, complex & Math Operations
Master integer, floating-point, complex number types, floor division, modulus, exponentiation, precision quirks, and math module functions.
1The Three Core Numeric Types in Python
2Arithmetic Operators Overview
┌──────────┬────────────────────────┬─────────────┐
│ Operator │ Description │ Example │
├──────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────┤
│ + │ Addition │ 10 + 3 = 13 │
│ - │ Subtraction │ 10 - 3 = 7 │
│ * │ Multiplication │ 10 * 3 = 30 │
│ / │ True Division (float) │ 10 / 3 = 3.333│
│ // │ Floor Division (int) │ 10 // 3 = 3 │
│ % │ Modulus (Remainder) │ 10 % 3 = 1 │
│ ** │ Exponentiation (Power) │ 10 ** 3 = 1000│
└──────────┴────────────────────────┴─────────────┘
3Useful Built-in Math Functions & math Module
Python provides built-in abs(), round(), min(), max(), pow(), plus the standard math library (e.g., math.sqrt(), math.ceil(), math.floor(), math.sin(), math.log()).
💻 Complete Executable Code Example
Python 3
▶ Run in Compiler
import math
# Arbitrary precision integers (no integer overflow in Python!)
huge_num = 2 ** 100
print(f"2 ** 100 = {huge_num}")
# Floating point arithmetic & floor division
total = 25
people = 4
print(f"True Division (/): {total} / {people} = {total / people}")
print(f"Floor Division (//): {total} // {people} = {total // people}")
print(f"Modulus Remainder (%): {total} % {people} = {total % people}")
# Advanced math module helpers
radius = 7.5
area = math.pi * (radius ** 2)
print(f"
Circle Area (r={radius}): {area:.2f}")
print(f"Square Root of 144: {math.sqrt(144)}")
print(f"Ceiling of 4.2: {math.ceil(4.2)}, Floor of 4.8: {math.floor(4.8)}")⚠️ Common Pitfall: Floating Point Representation Quirks
In Python (and all languages using IEEE 754), 0.1 + 0.2 evaluates to 0.30000000000000004 due to binary fraction rounding. For financial precision calculations, use Python’s decimal.Decimal module.
💻 Try It Yourself — Hands-on Practice Challenge
Calculate investment compound interest using exponentiation operator (**).
Python 3
▶ Run in Compiler
principal = 10000 # $10,000 initial
annual_rate = 0.08 # 8% annual return
years = 5
future_value = principal * ((1 + annual_rate) ** years)
profit = future_value - principal
print(f"💵 Initial Investment: ${principal:,}")
print(f"📈 Value after {years} years: ${future_value:,.2f}")
print(f"💰 Total Profit Earned: ${profit:,.2f}")❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q: How large can an integer be in Python?
In Python 3, integers have unlimited precision constrained only by available system RAM memory.